  . .
 
 79     (      ).-.:
 , 1990.-160 .: . ISBN 5-225-00764-3.
 
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 ,      -   
    
 
 [ .  .   ., 1982;  . ., 1984;  .
 .  ., 1985; Tromp S., Bouma J. J., 1973, 1980; Persin- ger M. A.,
 1980,  1987a,b,   .].     
    ,        ,
    ,    ,    
    .           
       -   
   [ .  .   .,  1982;   . .  .,
 1984],    [Jonas ., 1975; Ebertin R., 1979; Eysenck .,
 Nias D.  .,  1982;  Prinke R. ., Weres L" 1982; Gauquelin M., 1983,
 1985].      , 
 ,         ,      -    
   [ .  .,  1972;   .  .  .,
 1982;   . "  . ., 1986;  . M.,  . M.,
 1986].
 
   ,      
                
 .        ,
                
    .              
             ,   
     .   
    -:  "...       
               
           
    " [ . ., 1974, . 327].    
  .  .  (1982, . 158), ,  
              
                 
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 .  "    "-       
          
               
 [ .  " 1987].        
        ( ),  
      ,  
             [ .,
 1986].
 
            
 .  ,        ,
          .  
 -  ,   ,     
   ,        .  ,
      [ .,  1968;  
 . .  ., 1970;  .,  " 1972;  . .,  .
 .,  1983],          ,    
 .
 
   ,         
                   
 .             
   ,     ,
         .  
        :  " - 
 ,    ,    ,    
    ,      " [ " 1967].
           ,      
 ,                
    [Gauquelin .  et 1., 1981; Eysenk " Nias D.
 .  .,  1982;  Gau- quelin .,  1983, 1985; Mitchell ., 1983, 1985,
 1986].   ,           
     
 
 , ,      [Nel- son J.
 " 1978;  Mannila  .,  1980;  Necovetics  0.,  1984].    
      ,                (
 -,      ,  )      
        
     . :   
            ,    
         ,      
      ,     
                  
 .    ,       
   ,     .
 
     ,   , 
            
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 ,       [ ., 1935]  
 [ ., 1967;   , 1974] .
           
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            ()
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             .
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 ,      [ .  .,
 1975].
 
          
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      ,   ,
             
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      [ .  ,,
 1982,  . 238].      ,  
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 )     
 
 (. 1).
 
  Homo  sapiens            
     ;      
     ,    .
 ,              
     ,    
     ,                 
    .          
          
            
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   ,      -       
 -
 
  [ . ., 1987].
 
        
        
   
 
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  1
 
  
 
  , ,   ,   
  ,            
   ,          
  .          
       ,  ,  ,    
  ,  ,      ,   
     -,  ,  [Cooke D.
 J.,  Coles .  .,  1978],     
 [ ., 1986]    [ " 1984].
 
 -   ,      ,  
      ,        
                
 ,          
 .                
     .  ,  
                 
 ,                
   ,    ,-      [ .,  1986].  
    , , ,  ,  
             -,    
   - ,  ,  ,  ,  
 ,        
 - .  ,        
     ,         ,   
 ,                 
              .    
           
 ,             
 .
 
 ,             
          ,  ,  ,
        [ .  " 1901;   .  "
 1913;    .  "  .  .,  1985].    
     ,    
       ,    
          [.  .:
     . . 1.  . .:
 ,  1977;   . ,, 1901;  . " 1988]. , 
             
   [Preaux ., 1970].   
      ,      
 ,         ,        
    ,           
          .  ,    
          ,
          ,    
   .         
 ,           ,
    ,      
      .      ,  
 "...          
      "  [  "
 1976].
 
           
   .     
       [Tallquist  .,  1948].    
     [Hellpach W" 1939;  De Rudder
 B"   1952;  Mennin-  ger-Lerchenthal  E.,  1960;  Heckert  .,  1961;
 Brezowsky " Die- tel ., 1967],   , 
      ,      ,
   ,         
   [Stahl W.  .,  1937;  Trap .  " 1937; Sarton G"
 1938;  Kelley D" 1942;  Oliven J.  F., 1943; Stone " 1976,  .]. 
           
   .   [Gauquelin ., 1966, 1983, 1985]
  - .   [Lieber A.  L" 1978].   . 
            ,
    1960-1977 .    
 
                 
             
          .
 
    " " [Lieber A. L.,
 1978, .  115]    ,    
      ,    , 
     ,    ,      
     .    .  ,     
            
   ,     .
       
                  .  ,
            ,
                  
         .    
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           .
                      
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    .
 
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 - .
 
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 ;        . 
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          -
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 .).         
     .
 
    X.  [ckert ., 1961], 
              
 .          ,  
               
        .    
               
              .
                
              
   .
 
                 
       ,    
          ,     X.
     .    ,
      .
 
 1.      .   
            
 .       .
 
 2. -    (29,5  )  -   
   .  -   .
 
 3.           .  
        ""  ,  
    .
 
 4.               
  ,    ,    , 
        
        .
 
 5.      -     
         ,  
       ,   ,
      .
 
 ,  X.    20   ,      
  ,       , 
    .
 
  ,                ,
    1960 .,     ,     .
  [Lieber  "  1978],            ,
      ,    
 .    .            
 ,    ,    ,     
    [Katzeff  P.,  1981],      
           
  ,     ,  
      .    ,   
      ,     
             
     [Abell G.  .,  1979; Rotton J.,
 1982].          ,      
        .
 
  2
 
      
 
            
 ,      ,
    ,       
     [ P.,  1967;   .  " 1969;
  3.,  1973;   . ., 1984;  . .,  . .,
 1987;  Whipple F.  L., 1963; Rousseau P., 1963; Baldwin R" 1965; Mel-
 chior P.,  1966;  Firsoff V. A., 1969; Link F., 1970; Kopal Z., 19/1;
 Bouteloup J., 1979].    - 
         (),  
   4670    . -   
   7,3-'"  ,        0,01      (0,0123),
       3681  /  (1,023  /)  
 ,            509'.
       ()  406 800 ,  
  ()-356 400  (. 2). 
 
        ,     
                  
   ,    .
 
 2.1.     
 
               
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         ,    
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      .
 
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     .        27,32     
   ,         (      
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                  ,  
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 29,53  .       
 (   "" - ).  , 
           
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  27,55 .    --
 27,21  .              
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             1 .   
                   
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 2.2.  
 
                   
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   90.    2-     
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 "",     ,    "",  "", ""
 (""  ).            
       -  ,           
      29,52  ( ).  
          ,    
     -    
 .
 
         .
  [ ., 1984; Neumann D., 1981]    
  3 ,       :  1)  
 -      ()         24,8  ,
     ;  2) -
 ()        14,76 ,   
         (  );   3)
  - 
 
 )      
 29,53 .   ,    7-9- 
 ,            ^    
 .  ,          
 ,       (,  
   
 
 ),           7-
 . -
 
 2.3. -     
 
            
  - ,    ,    ,
       .         
        XVII "  
          .  ,  
     ,   XIX   .,
          
  .  ,     ,  
 [Adderley .. 1963- Biee 
 
 1963; Bell ., DeFouwR., 1964; Davidson . W. Martynb F 1964-' Michel
 F.  C. et al" 1964; Stolov H., Cameron A., 1964; Carpenter T: et al.,
 1972;  Lieber  A.  L.,  1978a].      
  ,              
     [ .  .   ., 1970;
  .,  1977;  .   . ., 1983; Bouteloup J., 1979].
            
            
               
                  
           :  
  ,   ,   [Currie  R.,  1988].
 "  ,   , ,   
        
  " [ ., 1977].
 
           
 ,       ,    
 ,      ,        
   
 
 (. 4).    ,        -
   ,  ,    ,    
 0,2 .            
 :       982,04 /^ (g= 982,04
 ),                  
   240,28  ( 0,24 ),  .  .  100-
    g.     164,52    
     75,76    -      .  
                 
 ,         
 ,     .
 
             
       .     ,
             
 ,          (356000 ),
   (150-10^ ).          ,
    2        ,        
                
 .      ,      
           
 .          ,   
     .
 
             (
 ,      "" - ),    
              .  
 ,            (        
 ""-),              
   ,          
 90, . .         (. 5).
 
           [  .,  1968;
    .,     P.,  1972],        ,  
   ,       . ,
     ,       ,  
           
 ,     ,  
     .             
       35,6      17,8 ,   
     
 
 ^
 
     16,4     8,2  .  
  -     78 :
     53,4   24,6 .
 
   ""  -        
   .    ,   
              
           ,  
       .    
           
 ,               ,   
       ( ,  
  ,    ,    
    ) [Necovetics ., 1984].
 
            
       ,   
  
 
       .        
   ,   .   ,
    ,       
 ,          
 -           .   
      ,  
          .  
            -  
 ,                
   :  (  )
    (,    ) [
 . .,  . ., 1983].
 
   -      
           ,
     -      ,
     . ,  
     ,     
          ()  ,
   12    25  ,      ,   
          (82)        12    00  .
   -    -  
   27,555    13,661  .     ,   
              ,
        
     [ "  1964,  1977;  .,
 1964;   .  .,   .  .,  1977, 1979;  . .,
 1980;  " 1984; Garzino S., 1982a; Brown F. A., 1983].
 
 ,             ,
        
 ,      .   
           3    - ,
   ,    [ . "  .
 ., 1983;  " 1984].
 
           
        25,8  23,9 .
         (,    )  
    13-14  (  13,66 ) 
 
 
   180,   '/2    (, 
     27,32 ), . .   
   13,66     .    ,
              
   .
 
      2       12,4 .
        (29,53  )  -
            
         .            
         .  
       14-15    (    14,76   ).
  ()     
     ,-    
   ,  ,    .   
          ,    
           [ .  "
 1980;   .,  1984].      ,  
      ,    12,4 .
            (""
 )          ,
    [ ., 1984, . 12].
 
  ,  ,         
       ,    24,8  .    
     .   , 
        
           .    
               
     ,         
       ,      
 .              
 ,         
       (         ).      
              
  [  .  .,  1980;    "  1984];    
  .
 
  3
 
      
 
           
 -        
         . 
 ,  ,    , 
 .            
   ,  , ,  .
 
 3.1.       
 
          
     .       
 (,  ,  , ,   )
           ,      ,
            ,      
            
 ,             
     .        
       -    
         .    ,      
       .  ,
              
          
  [ .  .,  1973,  1974;   .  ., 1979, 1983;
  . .  ., 1986; Simpson J. ., 1966].
 
                 
 ,  ,  ,  , 
        ,   
   
 
 30
 
            
   .   , . .  
   ,         
 ,              (,   ),   
               
  [Dub- rov A. P., 1978].
 
           ,
        :  
                
 .               
         
           ,
            .    
                 
 .          
  - ,   
             
     -     ,   -
      -      ,  
     (   ).
 
  ,                
  ,      
 ,            ,                   
 -        ,   
 , ,   , ,  
 .   ,          
        .
 
                   
       .    
             ,  
 ,    ,     
 .             
                  
 -      ,    
 "-   ",            
         
 [ . ., 1944;  . ., 1980; Shel- drake R., 1981]. 
 ,   "",
 
            ,    
          
      ,          
  .    ,    
        [ .
 " 1975].
 
   ,          
         ,    
 .           
  .        
        "",   
         
 (      )     
   [Brown  F.  A.,  Chow .  S.,  1974,  1975],   
 ,      ,      
 ,      [ .  " 19736].  
           .
 
              
 ,      ,             
   ,        
      ,    
        .    3  
  ,        
       ,      
     . ,    
      ,       
        ,            
             ,   ,
     .
 
 3.2.     
 
           -  
   ,    -  
          .     
                  
    .   .           .  .
              
 [ . .,
 
 1975;   .  .,  1985].          
         [.
   .  .,  1982].       .  .
  (1971),            
  .
 
         .  .  
          
       .   ,
              
       (       )  
               
 .   ,                
  1,1    1,8  /  ,    -10,2  /  
 -12,1   /.            
    ,       
 :    -     
      ,     .
             ,   
         
 .
 
     ,            
     ,      -   
    ,       ,        .  
             
                   
      ,  
    .   ,   
         
 .
 
     ,     
              .      
 ,                
  .       
             
 -              .  
               ,
    [ .  .,  1975;  Wunder .  .,  Duling  .,
 Bengele " 1968;  Gordon S. A., Cohen M. J" 1971; Hideg J., Ga- zenko
 0., 1981].      , 
   
 
 00
 
  .   ,      
        ,   -
             
 .   ,    ,    
         
  [  .  .,  1971,  1982],  ,  ,
        . 
                  
 .  ,         
  ,      
 [Slocurn D.,  Ro- ux S.  J., 1983; Halsted Th. W., Scott T. K., 1984;
 Dauwalder M. et al" 1985].
 
  ,           
      -  ,   
  982,04 /".       
     ,         
        .      
   ,   "...     
               .
 ,       
      " [ . M.,
  .  .,  1976].      ,  ,
          
         ,      
 -   ,        
 .
 
 3.3.    
 
                  
   .      ,    
                 
       ,       
 .         .
 -,  - ,     
 ,     ,  ,  ,  
        , 
  ,   ,     .  [ .,
 1967;  M. M., 1976]. -, 
 
 1/1
 
         .  -
           
 ,    -   .   
   ,         
 ,           
 ,  ,    .   
    ,       
                  -
  ,          
  .          
        ,    
       .     
   -   ,        
 -       
 .                 
 ,           .      ,
         ,      ""   
        .
 
  ,        
 [Prosser . L,, 1986], -   
           ,    
       .       
                  
 ,            
  . , -  
      ,    ,
     ,         
  ,    .
 
       
                  
          
  .  .   (1974):  "...  ,  
 ,    ,    ,      
 ,    -          
        ".
 
          
 3,6-4,2    [ . ., 1974],
 
              
             
     .   ,    ,
           ,
     ,- .    
                    
   ,       
   ,              
 .            
                  
    ,    
   .
 
        ,        
            
        ,      ,   
 -              .   
   ,  ,  
            
    ,         
             [
 ,  1964;   .,   .,  1971;   . ., 1980;
  .  "  .  " 1984;   " 1984;  Brown F.  .,
 1983; Neumann D" 1985].
 
  [  .,  1984,  .  13],  ,      
 ,                            
 -      
    ,       ,  .  .   
               
 .          
       -,  ,
 ,   .
 
  ,      
            .    
       ,   
         ,  
        ,   
               
   [ " 1984,  .  14- 15].    ,
     
 
 
 
           ,  ,
 ,   [ . " 1987].
 
             
  :      ,   
     ,      
 ,  ,  ,   [ .,
 1984,  .  II].     ,   
                   
   - .
 
            
 [Lehmann U.  et 1.,  1974].       
  ,     ,
        
 .       
              
   ,   .    
  ,     (,   ) 
   [ ,  .,   . ., 1981].  
 ,      ""     
    ,       
   ,     - .      
      ,    
 ,    ,         
 -    -,    
                 
 [    .   .,   1987].      -
           
       ,     .
  ,      , 
          
      [ .  .,
  . ., 1980].
 
 3.4.    
 
       ,     
    ,         
      , , ,  [
 . ., 1980; Nowinsky L.
 
 et al" 1979;  Pannella G.,  1980; Grau E. G. et al" 1981; Kava- liers
 M.,  1982;  Costa G. et al., 1983;  S. E., 1984; Hal- sted Th.
 W.,  Scott T.  K.,  1984;  Franke H.-D.,  1985].       
       ,       
   [ . .  ., 1978;  . .,
  M.  M.,  1984;  . ., 1987: Lacey L., 1975; Abel E.
 L.,  1976;  Lieber A., 1978; Cul- ver R. B., lanna Ph. A., 1979; Gale
 M., 1980; Katzeff P., 1981; Rotton J., Kelly 1. W., 1985].
 
         .   (1984,
 .  27)    ,             
       .      ,       
 -  -    
   .              ""
 ,        ,   ,         ,,
 "...           
             "
 [  .,  1984,  .  27].     .   (1984)  
       
      -  -   .
      ,    .
 ,       -  
       (Murmeleon obscurus):
   ,      ,    -
   (    ,      ),  ,
 ,               
 .            
 .
 
 -      - (Povilla
 adusta),         . 
           
 10 -6 ,       . 
       [Lang H.-J.,  1967,
 1970,  1977]   -    
             Lebistes    reticulatus.    
                 ,   
 -   (.  6).     
       ,      
 ,    ,        ,    
 ,           
 
 
  -   .   , 
 ,       
              
    ,    .
 
  ,      ,      
 ,             ,  
 -  -  [ ., 1984,
 .   32].           
       ,  
          .    
   :  - (Leuvesthes te- nuis),
             ,      
 -   15         
  ;     (Clunio marinus)  
         15    
   ;    (Sesarma haernatocheir,
 Sesarma intermedium)        15
      ;    (Eunica viridis),
      ,        .
           
   
 
   ;   ""    (Platynereis
 durnerili)   - .
 
                
       .  
 ,            
      -   [
 .  .,  1980,  . 230],   ,    ,
 "...  -     
  ,     ( .-.
 .)      " (. 231).
 
            
                         
 -           .  
 ,          ,
 "...             
    " [ ., 1984, . 35],
         :  "...
   ,  ,     , 
   ...      ,     
          "  (.  39).
   ,    ,          (      
    )         
     (. 7).
 
            .  
           
  .   [Brown F. ., 1960, 1979, 1983].  ,
  ,      (, )  
                 
  ,  . .       
  ,    ""    
     .      ,   
  ,    ,   , 
             [   .  .,  1980,  .  233].  
                
         [Becker  G.,  1975],  
    [Birukow G., 1962].
 
   ,        
    ,
 
    ,            
      [ .  ., 1980;  .,
 1984;  Neumann D., 1981, 1985; Brown F. A., 1983].   
          
          .            
                
 .    ,     
   ,       "...  
    (    )  
            "
 [ ., 1984, . 31].
 
   ,      
             
  ,        [ ., 1964,
 1977;   .,  1984;  Brown F. ., 1983; Neumann D., 1981, 1985].
               
   ,      .
             
 ""     ,    
        .    
   
 
          ,    
   [ ., 1977].
 
  .        
     [Brown F.  ., 1960, 1979, 1981, 1983]. 
          ,    
          ,    
   ,    (
  10 !)   .    
    -         
               
         .        
        .  ,  
          ,
 
        .    
          (
   )                 
      ()   
      [ .  ., 19736] (.
 8).
 
    ,            
 ()             
    19-      
   .     , 
     0,1% [ . .,  . ., 1975;
   .  .,  1978].       
    
 
    (=0,94)                  
            
 [ . ., 1980, 1987] (. 9).
 
             
 - .  ,     , 
           
   (Qio==l)-    ,   
  (  )        
  ,       -  
   .  ,          
 -     - 
          .  ,
             
  .
 
 3.5.      
 
     ,   
        ,       .
     ,     
 ,           ,        
         . 
     ,   ,
   (    )             
          ,    
 ,      .
 
           
     -  .  
 ,          [
 .,  1964,  1977],        .
 ,   ,        
               
 [ .  .,  1974;   .  .,   .  ., 1976].
 ,             
 ( ,    ,  ,
      .)     
        in  vitro.      
  (    ),    
        6;  9-10; 12-14
   28-32  .        
     ,       
  (,  ,  ,  ,  ,  
 .,   600 000 ),        
  .
 
         ,
          :  6-7--
    ,  9-12--   , 
 28-32--   ,   
   .      
             
     .      
   
 
           ,
         .  .          
          
 ,      3    :    (
 ),   ( )     (    
 ).            
  ,  ,      
     ,  .  .  
   [ .  ., 1974;  . ., 1977,
 1984;   .  .   .,  1986].      
           
      [ .  " 1982; 
 . .,  . ., 1986].
 
 ,    ,  , ,   
           
 -     ,    
   .  ,      ,    
   --     
      .   
           ,    
 ,              
 . ,    , ,   
        [ .  .,  1971,  1981;
  " 1972;  . ., 1987].
 
          -     
                 
 (,  ,   .),   
     .   ,    
       [  .  .,  1981],
          [ .  .,  1977],
     [Larni J.,  1971],  
    [ .  .,   .  .,  1975] 
    .     ,  
             ,
    .      
   ,              
 [ .  .,  . ., 1981].   , 
         ""    
 
 
    [ . ., 1981;  . .,  .
 ., 1981;  . .  ., 1981, 1986;  . ., 1982].
 
  ,   ,      
           
        .    
       (,  )  
 ,   ,      
         ,      
    [ .  ., 1979, 1983;  "
 1977;   . ., 1987; Birzele " 1966; Ebertin R., 1979; Brauner
 G.,  1984].            
       -           
 -  ,  ,        
       ,           
     ,   
   .
 
   ,           
     ,      
    [ .  .,  1974;    .  .,
 1974;   . ., 1982; Mannila ., 1980].  
            
  ,       ,
     ,     
 ,  ,        ,  
         .  
 ,     ,       
  [Schneider F.,  1985],     
       .      
      ,            
       ,    
                  
    ,         .       
  ,         
     ,  ,  ,    ,   
             
     .     ,   
                
 ,   ,     .
 
                  
   .  , 
           ,  
      - 
 [ .  .,  1974;  . " 1984;  . .  .,
 1985;  Dub- rov A. P., 1978].    ,   
              -
           
    [ .  .,   . ., 1977,
 1979-1981,  1985;   .  .   .,  1980, 1983, 1986, 1988,;
   .  "  1984,  1986].  ,  ,.     
   [ .  .,   . ., 1980;  .
 .    .,  1986],       -
          ,  
              
     , . . ,  
      ,          
 ,
 
             
           
 - ,   .   
     ,       
       .  ,
                   
   ,       
       .    
             
 ,            
   -  [ . ., 1984].
 
                 ,        ,
          
       ,     .   .      
 ,       ,     
                       
 -    (,   ,
           ,   
      .).    ,
           
      
 
           12,87      8,64   ,  
     (12,67 )    
      (8,64,14=27,14  ).          
     ,     
 27,555    13,661  ,     26,86,  25,83  24,066   ..,
 -12,658  12,42   .  [ . .,  . " 1983,
 .  14].      ,   
         ,         
   -  14,62;  6,79    6,13 ,   
                   
     .
 
             
     -    
             ,           
   -  .    
    ,          
  ,     -.  
              
 ( 27,3 )        (  27,3  ).
     ,      
  ,       
 (,   ,   ,   )         
 [ . ., 1981].
 
            
     (      1265,7
 ^/^)             
     ,        
 .    ,     
           
    [  .  .    .,  1970,  .  97].  
 ,    ,     
         [  "
 1964],                  
        ,    23756,4
 ^^        
 .
 
           ,      
     .
 
 3.6.     
 
                
       ,     
 ,              (
 )              (   ),
       .     
 ,          ,
           
 .   ,  "...  
                ,
                
              "
 [ . ., 1982].
 
 . .   (1982)      
         .  
               
     ,       
      .        
                
  ,       
 -  .         
  ,   .  .  ,    ,    "...
      " (. 6).
 ,                
 ,     ,   
             
   .        ,      
             
    .
 
  ,          
     ,     
 ,      ,   
 .         
 ,                 
 ()       ,      
  , ,  ,  
     .      
   
 
 4   1221 49
 
          
           ,  
             
     [Ravitz L. J" 1953, 1962; Lieber
 A.  L.,  Sherin C.  R., 1972; Lieber A. L" 1973; Lieber A. L., 1978a;
 Fitzhug L. C. etal., 1980,  .].
 
          
     ,       
          .  
                   -   
 ,       .
                     
 ,       
                 .
  ,         
 ,         
 (),  ,    .     ,
        ,  ,   
 ,             
     [Saintyves P.,  1937; Preaux C.,
 1961;  Heckert .,  1970].   ,      
 ,  .   ,  "...  
            
      ,          
 " [Brown F. ., 1981, . 364].
 
       ,      
        .  
     ,        
        ,   
     -  
       .      
             ,
                 
   ,
 
     ,     
               
 .            
    
 
           .      
           
     ,    
           [Dubrov  A.  P.,  1978;
 Schneider  F.,  1985].  ,      
      \0~*-10-^ [  .
 .,  1973;  Shen- Miller J. et al., 1968; Larsen P., 1971; Pickard G.
 B" 1971;  Hal- sted Th. W., Scott T. K.i 1984].    
          
 [-   ,  1968;.  Gordon  S.
 A.,   Cohen   M.   J.,   1971].        
         
   ,              
          
        ,    
  .        
 ,                
    [Bose J. ., 1926].
 
                
  .  ,     
           
     [ .  ., 1982],  
    [ .  .,    .  .,  1978].  
               
                ,    
   ,          
    .
 
      [ M. M.,
 1976].    ,       
    (  )        
       .    M.  M.
 ,            
             
   ,          
      .  
           
                 
           (  )
  .  ,     
 
         
     .
 
      ,               
 ,   ,      3    ,
   :    , 
   *    .    ,    
 ,      .  
         15     
  [sko .,  Kolisko L.,  1978;  Kranich E.  M., 1984]., 
    12-  ,    
 ,            [Fyfe  .,
 1967].    ,        
 ,       
   [ . ., 1971, 1981;  . " 1981;  .
 .,  . ., 1981;  . .,  . ., 1981].
 
         :
          
            ,    
            
 [ .  .  ., 1971;  . ., 1982].  
 ,         "...
       
  " [ . ., 1982, . 12].    
      ,       -
         
  .   ,  ,      
                  
  ,   l0~* g,        
     ()  .   
        
     (),      
   ,             
 ,               
     .
 
     ,   ,    
    ,  
 
       .    ,  
 -      
   ,             
      [  .  .,  1974;
 Dubrov A. P., 1978].
 
           
          
        - .
              ,   
              
       [Slocum R.
 D., Roux S. J., 1983; Dauwalder M. et al., 1985,  .].   
      ,  ,  ,  
    ""   ,
         -19,4  
 [Wilkins M.  .,  1978; Volkmann D., Sievers A., 1979; Jackson M. B.,
 Barlow P.  W.,  1981;  Sack F. D. et al., 1983].   
 ,  ,    , 
          ,       
        [Wilkins M.  .,
 1978].
 
  ,    ,         
 ,         ,    
        ,      
     [Halsted Th.  W., Scott . .,
 1984].         
 ,          
 .     ,                 
          
       . 
          
               
    .   ,      
                 
 ,       ,    
               
 .
 
 *  -     -
       .
 
  4
 
       
 
 ,          ,        
     ,   ,  
       .        
               
 .     ,    -  
 ,       
    ,     .
  ,       
 ,  -           
 .         
            ,    
               
        .
 
         
          ,            
   [ .  .,  1980;    .  .,
 1981;    .  .,  1982].          ,
       
          [
 .  .  ., 1978;  . .,  . ., 1984;  .
 .,   . ., 1986;  . ., 1987].  
  ,          
    [Heckert  .,  1961;  Lieber  A.  L.,  1978a,    .],  
 ,            
     [Campbell D.  ., Be- ets J. L., 1978; Cooke
 D.  J" Coles .  ., 1978; Culver R. B., lan- na Ph. A., 1979; Rotton
 J.,  Kelly 1. W., 1985].      ,  
       .
 
 4.1.          
 
 
  -           
                 
 -  .. ,     
               ,
   ,       
 ,   ,      ,  
         [Trapp .
 .,  1937;  Saintyves P.,  1937;  Stahl W. ., 1938; Sarton G., 1938;
 Hellpach W" 1939;  Kelly D.,  1942;  Oliven J.  F.,  1943; Preaux C.,
 1970; Harding . ., 1971; Harley ., 1985].    
     ,    "...    ,     
      ,     ,
    "   [   .,   1976].   ,    
     ,      ,
     [ .  .   .,  1988],   
 ,           
 ,     .      
  ,             
 .
 
          
 ,           
 [ .  .   ., 1978, 1984;  . .,  . .,
 1986].     ,         
          ,
  .          
           
 [ . ., 1987].
 
           
     (29,53  )     (27,328 )
 ,                     (;
 =(29,53+27,328)/2=28,426    ).        ();    )    
   (;  ")           :
 Ti=5/6T2=23,68  ;  =7/82=33,163  .      a
 priori,            
      :  ==23,68/4=5,92 ;
 =28,42/4=7,10 ;  =33,16/4=8,29 .   
      "",     
   =248,728   
 
            (,  ,  ).  
 ,      ,  
 ,   15  ""    .  
 ,   "" ... " , 
      
 " [ . .  ., 1978, . 69].
 
     ,   
       ""            
     1000         
 ,   1500     ,
   ,            ,
    (315  ).    ,      
   ""     13  ,    
 .    , ,    
        ""   
   ,  ,    ,     
   "" ,  ,     
    .
 
   ,     
              
 [ .  .,  1980;   .  .,   . ., 1985;
 Hinze   J.,  1981].          
          ""    
 ,      ,    
 ,           
     [ .  .,.   .
 .,  1985].               ,
                 
   [Hinze  J.,  1981],      
  150  ,   
 [ . ., 1981].
 
    ,     
              
  .      2  [  .
 .,  . ., 1986].  ,   
                    
 ,        ,   
       
 
  .             
            ,      ,
               ,    
   .          
              
  [Arichi S., 1974] (. 10).
 
                             
 17-      (   
   16-50  )      [ .  .,  1973] *.
        : 
                
              (     
  4,77+0,38  4,13+0,17   6 , <0,01-0,001).
 
    ,        ,
      
 
 *3 . .      -
  17-      .-  .  .-
 1973.- . 19,  4.-. 40-42.
 
  ,            
  (    R-R ) [ .  .  
 ., 1979].
 
 4.1.1.  
 
   ,     
 ,         .    
 ,     .      
              
   [Bassler  .  G.,  1985].    ,  
         
  [Miura .,  1987].       
 [Fulkerson  W.  J.,  1985],         
   ,              
 ,     ,    
  .
 
             
 -    ,        
   ,            .
        "" ( "") 
                 
    "" (), . .   .
 
 .       
     ,         
   ,            
              
 ,           ,
       .        
       .
 
 , ,   510000   -
   1948-1957  .,  ,            ,
 ,         , 
            (  )  
    [Menaker W., Menaker .,
 1959].         
          [Cutler
 W.  ., 1980; Friedman " 1981,  .].  ,  
                ,
     
 
  (1-14- ).    .  Friedman (1981)  
   ,    .  .  Slob  ()    9049
   ,        
       .     ,  
        
 (    ),       
 .
 
  ,            
             (   )  
  ( )        
   [Criss  .  .,  Marcum J.  P.,  1981].   
          ,
         .  
                  
 ,    ,        
 [Dewan .  .  et 1.,  1978].       
            
 ,      ,   
          (   14-     17-      
 ),         
  ,  ,    .     
       ,   
         
             
  ""   ,       ,
 ,       
     .
 
     .                
        [Buh-  ler  W.,  1940;
 Verdi  S.  S.,  1968],         
  [Hosernann .,  1950a,b]. S. S. Ver- di (1968) ,
           "" 
 ""          ""
  .      
       [Jonas  .,  1969,
 1969,   1972,   1975].   .   Jonas        
    .       
         ,    
       .  ,
    
 
             ,
            
 ,   -    .
                     (
    )    
   .   ,        
                
 ,         
        .    
        ,
   . Jonas      
       [Jonas ., 1988,  ].
 
  ,              
 ,              
       [Gaboon D. D., 1977]. 
       ,        
 -       
 .
 
  .      ,       
   ,        
        [Jonbloet P. .,
 1983].               
   .  ,     
 (10000 ),     .  .  [Arrenius
 S.,   1898;      .,   1900].   .      ,  
         .
                 
  ,            
   .     [Bramson J., 1929;
 Hellpach   W.,   1939]               
 -       (10000  )  .  
  .
 
           
           (10393   1922-1935 .),
                    
     [Gutli- mann .,  1936;  Guthmann .,  Oswald,
 1936].                
            
 -  .   
 
     J. Bj^rnsson (1937),  
 1932-1936 .            4900   .  
  .  Yanaihara (1938)   (10565  )
          .  
       (+2 ),
                5    
 .
 
  ,        
 ,   D.  L.  Gunn (1938)   1928-1930 . (10393
 ),          .      
          
 94    15-18  (710 ),    
          7-9-'  
  ,  .  .     [Kirchhoff ., 1939]. 
         ,
 ,        29,5  ,    
              
 [Gunn D. L., 1938; Arey L. ., 1939].
 
        ,            ,
       [Baumann .,  1948;  Krimp- mann P.,
 1957, . Heckert ., 1961, . 33  35]    ø, 
           .  X.
    10403    1926-1942 .  ,
        (. II).
 .  (10020      1929-1955  .)     
         6-       
         .  ,
       ,      7-9-    
  [Guthmann .,  Os- wald,  1936; Bj^rnsson J., 1937; Gunn D.
 L., 1938; Kirchhoff ., 1939].
 
  ,     ,  
 1950 .,         ,    
            [Hosemann
 .,  1950,].          
 :            
       ,         
          .           
  , ,    
  ,      ,
 
                  
  (==0,04-7%).
 
                  
     .   ,  
               :
        ,
  -  [Maiek 1.  et 1., 1962].   
           [Zeiitt
 Sh.,  1974;  Pochobradsky J.,  1974;  Harmatz J., Shader R. 1., 1975;
 Cutler  W.  B.,  1980;  Friedman E" 1981].    
   ,        
 (43  ,  6000         ) 
                
   [Pochobrad- sky J.,  1974].     
      [Zeiitt Sh" 1974; Harmatz
 J., Sha- der R. 1., 1975,  .].
 
     ,            
     '  ,        
           .   
        W.  .  Cutler  (1980).  
   14             312
       19-22    (      
   -  ,        ).
 ,           
      .  ,    
    (68 )      
  29,5+1 ,    ,   ,  
   (Z^3,16,  <0,001)   47      
       (. .   
  ),    21 -        
 (   ).    
   (53 )    :   64  
 110      ,    46- 
  (Z *= 1,72, <0,04,  ^=0,51, <0,23).
 
             
   . Friedman (1981). 
 
 * Z -  ,   -
   ,   0,   ,  1; 
 =,05, -1,96^Z^+1,96.
 
    305      19-35 .  
    ,    97    (35%)    
       (29'/+  +1 ),    63
  (65%)     ,      34    
     ,           
    .
 
           
      
 
        (=229 ,   19-35
 ),         291/2  +1  
 [Cutler W. . et 1" 1987]. ,     ( 
       32%)          
      .
 
         29'/z+
 + 1       , 
    71/2    (.  12),    
           .      
             
  (20-42 ).        
   S.  P.  Law  (1986),        
    .    826   
 16-25         .    
     (28,3%),          
   8,5-12,6%  (.  1),     
     (<0,01).    .  1  ,      
              ( 
 ),      .   
          
        .
 
  1.        
 
  [Law S. P., 1986]
 
   
 
  234 28.3 -  104 12,6  
 87   10,5    -  77  9.3    95  11,5
 -   83  10.0      77  9,3
   -  9 8,5
 
  ,         
     ,     .
  ,   
 
           ,           
     ,       
        [Heckert
 .,  1961;  Bunning " 1964;  Treolar 1.  E.  etal.,  1967; Lacey L.,
 1975].          ,    
         
     [Richter ., 1965; Treolar 1. E. et al.,
 1967;  Vollman  R.  F.,  1977].            
           2700    
 250000   ,        26  000
   [Treolar 1. E. et al., 1967].  ,  
       ,    
   ,    - "" 
  (27;  28;  29 )     
   .        (.
 13).
 
 ,                 
       ,       
   ,            ,
    ,     ,
          (,  ,
   ),          
 .
 
         
     (  ),    ,
               
   :     ,   
   .
 
  .              
     ,       .
             
            
                     
   [Pal- mer J.  et al.,  1982] ( 78 
 ,    ).
 
            
     (22.00-01.00  ),       58%  
  ,       (07.00 ). 
 ,       ,    
 :   --21,9%,   -16,4%           
 11,8-13,0%      .
 
                  
         
   (24,8 )       ,   
      .        
      - ,    
                  (.    14),    
             
   24-      7-   .      
       ,          
         7,6%           
           ,       
 ,  ,  ,      (=
 0,2).     ,            
     (22.00-01.00  )    1,6%      ,
     ,       .
        
  ():       16,8%
   ,      ,      
     (=0,15).   , ,
         +5   
  14,6% ,      +5  (^0,1).
 
        , ,
              
 ,         
                   
 .    ,       
  500000       -    1948-1957  .  
                
  [Menacker W.,  Menacker  .,  1959]  (.    4.2.1).
           
                   .
             
 ( 1941 ),         (4
   1973 .   3   1974 .).  ,    
            
  [Cowgill U.  .  et 1.,  1962]. ,  
         ,    
       .
 
 4.1.2.  
 
        
 ,                    
       .    
       ,      
              
 ,     .  
            
  :  ,      
      - ,    
         .
 
 ,       
    -  
       [Jores  .,  1937;  Heckert  .,
 1961].   ,      ,  ,    
          
             ,       
     [Jores .,  1937].   ,
            -
       .  ,  
       ,          
 ,         
 .
 
       [Kohlrauscli .,
 1943] (.  15)        
    [Heckert   .,   1961,   .   25].   ,     
        
 -  ,      -    
  .        
   .   ,  28- 
     -  [ . .,
  X.,  1988].  ,   
            
       [Lang H.-J.,  1967, 1970, 1977].
     ,  
            
 ,         
      
 
  ,           
 .
 
         
            -    
 .       ,      
               ,
 ,   -    .        
         
    [Miles L.  .  .  et 1.,  1977].   
    28-  ,     
 ,        ,
               
 ( ,   ,    ,  Na, ,
 Cl,  PU4    ).     24,9 .    
  :      
            .         
 ,              
      .
 
      [Rounds  .  D.,  1975]  ,   
   (  )
 
     ,    
 ,  14-15-     
   .           
       3-       2-  
 .       ,  
      ,     
 (      ).    
    ,          
     (. 16).   ,
   ,
 
  -   ,  
 ,       ,      ,
 -,       .     
 ,       in  vitro  
   ,     ,
     ,   
     [ .  .,  1973;  .
 .,  . ., 1975].
 
  ,             
 (,   ),         
  (      [  .
 "  1982],            [Hoshizaki .,
 1974]),       24,8-24,9
 .    -    24,8 ,     
              
       ,          
       .
 
        ,    
       ,    
  ,   ,  ,
     ,  
     .
 
 ,         18-  
                   
         (    20-40  )   
      [ .  " 1987].  
           6-         
 (6,700+0,072  /),    1-  5-    (
 6,687 + 0,087  6,754 + + 0,091 /),     3-  5- 
   ( 6,289 + 0,890  6,349 + 0,108 /)  3-
    (6,322+0,118 /)     
    (<0,05-0,001).     
         ,    
    .
 
 4.1.3.  
 
 ,       ,  .  
     
 
      [ . .,  . ., 1977,
 1980, 1981].        
                
   .           
         (   14   ),      
 ,       [ .  .,
  .  .,  1977].     ,  
            
  :       
               ,   
             
 .
 
 4.2.       ,       
  
 
         
   .          
   ,           
     -,  
     [ .  .,    .  .,
 1981,  1984].         
   ,           
         ,   
                        
 .        
     -   ,
   .
 
 4.2.1. 
 
         
      .   
       ,         
       ,      
 ,     [.  Miura ., 1987].   
   :  ,    
   ,       
  10  -280 .
 
                  
     [Heckert .,
 
 1961; Preaux  .,  1970;  Jon- bloet P.  H.,  1983],    
         
 ,     ,    
 ,         .    ,  
    
 .   -
     ,       ,    
     ,            
 .     ,    1930-1950 .,
           fGutmann
 H., Oswald, 1936; Gunther W., 1938; Yanaiha-
 
 ra K., 1938b; Fischer H" 1939; Buhler W., 1940; Schurman A. G"
 1949],    ,      ,  
     (.  17) [Kirchhoff H.,  1939; Notbohm L.,
 1949;  Wurster .,  1949;  Hosemann H.,  1950a,  b;  Reiter R., 1952;
 Rippman E. ., 1957; Schwab ., 1975].
 
 ,               ,    
 ,                          
 -          
 .     ,   
 ,              
  [Menacker W., Menacker ., 1957; McDonald R. L., 1966; Menacker
 W" 1967; Criss T. B., Mar-
 
 kum J.  P.,  1981;  Guillon P.  et al" 1986].   ,
   ,        
   [Menacker  W.,  Menacker  .,  1959].     
             
 -      1948-  1957  .,    510000    .
     (.  18),    
           (+1 ),   
  -   ( + 1 ).
 
      ,     
   :     ( 13-   
  )        1,35%  ,     
 ,          (0-12-     
 ).       ()         
   ,    ,  
   ()      ,  
              
       (<0,01-0,0001).      W.
 Menacker  A. Menacker,
 
      12-  14-    
  16-  (.  .  18)      
   ,      
 .    ,        
         (14- )  
  ,      .        
                
      .
 
          -
    -501000 ,     1961-1963 .
 [Menacker  W"  1967].           
             
   :             
 (+  -^ +1   + + +1
 )  1,01% (^=12,64; = 0,005 ( 1  ). 
                 
    24;  26;  28;  30;  32; 34; 36  44   
  ( )  (27,32 ).  
         8      
    ,    1  %        ,  
   0,3-0,8%,         
   .
 
                     
  ,    -    500000
 ,      3   [Osley .  et aL,  1973].   
                  ,
      , ,
         ,      
 .              
        5-6    
 3-4         11-  
  (. 19).
 
   ,        
     ,     [Criss .,  Marcum J.
 P.,  1981].   -   
 140000    -  1968 .,   
           4  
  (,  , ,  ).   
  ,  , 
 
         ,
           (29,53 ) 
        (+1  ),  .  .    
  .  , ,    
     ,  ,   
   :  -          
     ,  ,      
         (,
   ,  ).
 
              
         ,
    [Ducher Y.,
 
 1980; Guillon P. et al., 1986]. .    
 5-10^   1970-1975 .  ,     
  + 1         
 + 1 ,     [Ducher Y., 1980]. 
 ,           5927278
       1968  1974 .,    
       [Guillon  P.  et  al.,  1986].      
           
       :     
                ,
   ,       -.
 
            
     ,          2  3
          .  
          ,
         
       (4      10    ) 
  (. 20),     
 
 (4    10     ).        
     (  0,25%),      
 (^=9,158;  <0,01  1    ).      
   3   (.  21),     
      (1    10   
 ),    -     (4    5 
   ),       (
     9    ).     
  (     )    0,4%,    
   (^== = 16,101, <0,001  II 
 ).         
       .
 
  ,           
      ,   
          .   
               
          ,     ,
  ,  -    
  ,       
 .         
    ,    ,   
   .
 
     ,  ^      
       . 
   (/,  470           
 ,    .  ,   ,
            
 ,               ,   
     (   - 
      ) [ .  .,  1987;  Gauquelin .,  1971;
 Dubrov A. P., 1989].
 
                
           
       [Marks  J.  et  1"   1983].   
             ,
    ,  J. Marks  .  
 ,   ,       
  ""  -   ,    
      ,     .
  ,     , ,
             ,    
             
          .
 
         [ .  "
 1987],           
   ,     
        (  ),    
      [Gauquelin " 1966,  1983 a,  b;
 Jonas E.,  1969a;  Gauquelin F., 1972; Eysenck H. J" Nias D. K" 1982;
 Bra-  uner  G.,  1984].           
         ,  ,
     [Miura ., 1987].
 
 4.2.2. ,    
 
           ,    
          ,
   ,  ,      [ .  .,
 1984].       :  
        ,   ,
 
 
 ;     ,  ,
      ;   ^
 ,  ,     , 
            ;  
 (,  ),   (,  ",   (,
 )   (, ) [^ H. ., 1964; 
 .  .,  1969;   .  .,  1984].       
   ,   ^     
    ,     ,   
 ,          ,    
                
 .
 
  ,           
 ,       
  ,  .  .      
 ,               ,    ,
         .  -,   
 ,            
                   
    [Ebertin R.,  1979;  Eysenck H.  J"
 Nias D.  K.  B.,  1982; Jansky R. C., 1983; Brauner G., 1984,  .].
 ,        
             ,  
 ,  ,   [Fidelsberger ., 1972; Eber- tin R.,
 1979].        ,     
              ,
   ,       
    (,      ,          
 )         
      [Ebertin R" 1979].
 
        ,      
          
 ,                    
       .   ,   
  (  ')       
                
   [nig  D.  J.  et   1.,   1979],      
 -     
  " " [Eisler R" 1969;  Baring-Gould  S"  1973;
 Surawicz F. G., Banta R., 1975],   
 
 6   1221 R]
 
     [Jung   .   G.,   1969]     /^  
     ^  [ .,
 1973;  Vilenskaya L.  V.,  1978] .^     
     [Jin-De-  chu,  1987].    ,
 ^           
  /        ,  ,  
 ,               /
               ,
      ^ 
  ( ,  ) [Stahl W. ., 1937; Eisler R"
 1969; Graves R., 1972}.
 
       ,    
         ,
          .  .   
         
        ,  
          .       
            
 [Gauquelin  .,  1960,  1966,  1970,  1978-1980,  1983,  1985]     
    ,           
               
 [Gauquelin .,  Gauquelin F.,  1970, 1977; Gau- quelin M" 1984]. 
      ,      
               ,
        (   
   ,         
  ,  ,  
    .).           ,
                  
  .
 
 .       ,       
   ,  ,     (      
     )     
   (     ),
       ,      
              
 ,   .  .      ,      
   ,        .  .     
                      
 ,     ,
 
       
   ,   ,     
    (  ,      ).  
 ,               
         :  "  
 ,           
                
   .  , -,    
          "  [Gauquelin
 ., 1971].
 
 .         .      
          
 ,  .  .        
              
                () 
   .    ,        
             
  ,     ""  
 ,   , ,      
 . ,       ,
       ,      
             
      .
 
 ,    ,    ,
      ,  -      
          ,   
   .          
       - ,   
      ,         "...   -   
   ,          
  " [ . ., 1984, . 158].
 
       (  
       )     
   ,      ,  
     ,     
   (. 22).
 
   .  ,        
        ,    
    , 
 
 , ,  ,  ,  ,
 ,   ,    ,  ,
    ,   ,   ,   ,
     .      .  
               
     ,      
         , 
        (.  23).  
              
  ,      - 30000 - -
    [Gauquelin .,  1971; Gauquelin F.,
 1972].       ,  .   
           
 ,      Ci (. 24).
 
  ,           
     .     . 
 [Birzele ., 1966].   
 
           
     ,        
 3-     ( ),
    ,        .   
        
        (.  25).  -, 
       
  -,         
    
 
        
  .
 
   ,        
          ,  
  ,             (
    -  )
      .          
       ,      
    [ .  " 1974,  1987; Dubrov A. P.,
 1978,  1989].  ,     .   (1971),
              
      .     
 -  .
 
   ,         
                
              
 (,  ),      
 ,       [  .  .,
 1982]                .
     (   1)  
   ,       .   
    (        )  
      
 
  ,       [\' .  .,
 1987;   .  ., 1982; Melvirt L., 1982; Por- ter R., Collins
 G.  M.,  1982; Dubrov A. P., 1989].     
                
 -                  
 -        
 .
 
 4.2.3. 
 
       
   .          
 .             
       (    
   )     .   ,   
         [,  1976;
  ., 1984; Stahl W. ., 1937; Trapp . E" 1937; Sarton G" 1939;
 Oliven J.  ., 1943; MeDaniel W. B., 1950; He- ckert H., 1961; Lieber
 A. L, 1978a,b; Gale M., 1980; Katzeff P., 1981].
 
         
           .  -,   
  ,       
      (   
             ,  
 ,  ,  ,            
 ).   -,         ,
      ,     
       ,    
             
  [Persinger F.,  1987,  .  41].  -,   
                    
       ,      
 ,    ,      .
 -,           
   -  ,        
         
  ,       [Ebertin R., 1979;
 Brauner G., 1984].
 
              
     
 
  [Hellpach W., 1939; Menninger-Lerchenlhal ., 1960; ckert .,
 1961;  Russel M" Bernal M.  E.,  1977;  Lieber A.  L" 1978a; Gale M.,
 1980;  Katzeff P.,  1981].          
         
          
   [Levy N.  D.,  1985],     
   .          
   -            
           
 -  .  ,        
  .           
       [Edelstein .  L.
 et 1.,  1966;  0s- born R.  D" 1968;  Blackman S" Catalina D., 1973;
 Weiskott G. N., Tipton G. B" 1975; Walters E. et 1., 1975; Geller S.
 H.,  Shan- non H. W., 1977; Climent C. E., Plutchick R., 1977; Lieber
 A.  L.,  1978a],        
  [Angus M.  D" 1973;  Frey J.  et al" 1979; Fitzhug L. C. et
 1.,  1980; Gilbert G. 0., 1980; Templer D. 1., Veleber D. M., 1980],
               
     [Angus M.  D.,  1973;  Weiskott G.  N"
 1974;  De Voge S.  D., Mikawa J. K., 1977; Michelson L. et 1., 1979;
 Templer D.  1.,  Veleber D.  M.,  1980],  , 
      [Liber . L" Sherin .
 R., 1972; Ossen- kopp . P., Ossenkopp M. D., 1973; Jones P. K" Jones
 S.  L.,  1977; De Voge S. D., Mikawa J. K., 1977; Lieber A. L" 1978b;
 Frey  J.  et  al"  1979],        
  [Scharfman ., 1980].
 
     ,        
  -   ,    
    [Chapman L.  J.,  1961; Pokorny A. D., 1964; 1968a,b;
 Bauer S. F" Hornick E. J" 1968; Lester D. et 1., 1969; Lilienfeld D.
 M.,  1969;  Shapiro J.  L., 1970; Taylor L. J" Diespecker D. D" 1972;
 Pokorny A.  D.,  Jachim- czyk J" 1974; Forbes G. B., Lebo G. R" 1977;
 Russel M.  D..  Ber- nal M. E" 1977; Campbell D. E" Beets J. L" 1978;
 Early K" 1978;  Garth J.  M" Lester D" 1978; Ornstein R., 1978; Abell
 G. 0" Greenspan B., 1979; Culver R" lanna P. A" 1979; Rotton J" 1982;
 McMahon K" 1983; Rotton J" Kelly 1. W" 1985].
 
 ,       ,     
   ,            
 ,     ,
 
    .    ,     
               
                     
       .         
               (
               4),      
            
  .
 
 .            ,   
 ,             
   ,        ,  
   ().   ,  
        .  .  [  X.  "
 1979].  ,      
   ,          
                   
 ,        [  .  .,  1960;
  X.  .,  1979].   , , -, 
           ,       
   ,             
 .
 
        [Stahl  W.  G.,  1937;
 Sarton G.,  1939; Hellpach W., 1939; Pre- aux C., 1970],  
               .    
 (""),          
  ,      ,    
   ,     , 
   , , ,      
  [ . ., 1967;  X. ., 1975].  
             .
             
 ,              
  .
 
 .        
   ,    ,       
         ,            
 .   ,         
   ,   ,  ,    
 ,            
     [Mennin-   ger-Lerchenthal   .,   I960].      
 , 
 
    ,    ( 
 88000       ),         
    [Heckert ., 1961, . 58-59].
 
             
      [ .  P.,  1976;  . P., 
 ).  " 1976;   .  ., 1977]. ,  8400
     84    (1966-  1969  .),    ,  
          1-3-
        [ .  "  .  " 1976].
            
        ,  
   .  .    .  .     1900-
 ,   ,     
   :     
    (. 26).
 
               
       [ . " 1977].
   959    1965- 1969 .  ,    
          -,  
   ,       
     (50,2%)      
 (48%).  , . .  ,     
              
    82,5%         
 .     ,     
   ,             .
  ,           
     (13-14  ),      
   [ . .,  . " 1985].
 
                 .   
               
   ,         
                
 [Persinger  .  .,   1987,].            
       ,       
 ,  -            
     .   ,    
         ,
 
         
  [Menninger-Lerchenthal ., 1960; ckert ., 1961; Stephens
 G.  J.,  1976].              
         
            
       [Halaris .,  1987].   
   ,     
             .     ,  
           
          
 ,     .
 
 ,           
    ,           
 .   ,            
 ,       
 -        ,    ,  
       ,   
         ,   
 ,    ,       
    [Vladimir- sky . et 1., 1985].
    ,                  
   ,        
              ,
    ,          .
 [ . ., 1987; Dubrov A. P., 1978].
 
             
  .    ,    
 ,       ,   
  , ,   , "... 
    " [Persinger .  ., 1987,
 .  39].        ,    
 -           (  19  )
            ,
    [Geller S.  .,  Shan- non . W., 1976]. 
 -         ,  
            
 :  ,    ,      
             
     ,  
 
   ( =-0,229;  r=-0,224   <0,05).
     ,    10   
   ,            
 (   r=-0,356; -0,270  -0,350; <0,01-0,05), 
  ,          
          (r=-0,246,  <0,05;  r=-0,443,  <0,001;
 r=-0,420;  <0,001)     .  ,
    ,  . 
  ,      ,  
              ,
    ,      
  :   ,    
 ,    .        
      .
 
  ,                
     ,        
 .            
    ,               
    -,     
      (,  ,  ,
   .)  ,     
 .  ,       
  ,       
  (  )      
 ,     ( )   
        
      (    .).      
              
             
 .
 
          
          
   [Cunningham .  R" 1979].  ,     
     ,      ,    
  ,       ,    
   ,         .
   ,        ,   
    ,  
 
    .      ,     
         
  ,  ,  ,     
     [Rotton J.,  Kelly 1.  W.,  1985].
   ,     ,     ,
              
  ,     ,      , 
       [Edelstein  .  L.,  et  1"
 1966].
 
 ,   ,          
       
     ,   ,   , 
     (,  ,   
 .),   ,      
 -       ,
   ,     
 ,       [Stephens  G.
 J., 1976; Halaris ., 1987].  ,    
                
 ,                
 "" ,  , ,     
   [ .  .,  1974,  1986;  . . 
 .,  1975,  1985;   . .  ., 1978; .., 1982;
  .  .,  1984;  . " 1987;  . ., 1987; Jonas
 ., 1969; Dubrov A. P., 1989].
 
  ,  ,         
  [ . ., 1984],     
    -1;  2;  3; 5; 8; 13; 21; 34...
 ,             
        .        
   -  ,       
        .  
                
               [Hellpach     W.,     1939;
 Menriinger-Lerchenthal .,  I960].      
         [Heckert
 "  1961,    .).        
       [  .  .    .,  1975,   1985;
 Schaposchnikova W. 1., 1977; Krip- ke.D. F., 1984].
 
        .    
         ,  
   .    ,      
      ,  
               .  
         
       .      ,
     .    
             
   [Chapman L. J., 1961; Bauer S. F" Hornick E. J., 1968;
 Pokorny A. D., 1968a,b; Le- ster D. et al" 1969; Shapiro J. L. et al"
 1970;  Walters E.  et al.,  1975].     
            ,  
      [Pokorny . D., 1964;
 Osborn R.  D" 1968;  Blackman S" Catalina D., 1973; Weis^ kott G. N.,
 Tipton G. B., 1975; Lieber A. L., 1978a].
 
     ,                
   ,      (.  27)
 [Edelstein E.  L.  et al., 1966; Climent C. E., Plut- chnik R., 1977;
 Lieber A.,  1978a,  b].     -
  ,  ,       
 ,            
      ( 90000 )     
   ,    ,      
 (Z=3,74-5,63)      (<0,001-0,002).
             
   [Rotton J.,  Kelly 1.  W.,  1985]. 
       
 .    ,       
      [Rotton J.,  Kelly 1.  W.,  1985],  
   ,      ,      
   ,        :  
  ,  ,  
           .     
       ,        
 ,    ,       
  ,            
 ,   -   .  
 ,      
 
              
 .  ,       ,   
      -   
 ,    ,          ,
   [Garzino S., 1982].
 
  ,          
             (  
       ,            
      .)   
             ,      
   "  ".     ,  
            
 ,       - [Osborn R.  D.,
 1968].   ,      R.  D.  Osborn  
           
     [Pokor-  .  D.,  1968].  
    R. D. Osborn   . 
            
 ,                  (<0,1),
       ,     
 -         
  .       
       ,         
    ,          
  :     <0,01,  
   <0,05.        
               
               (<0,001).
           
 (= 1033,  ^= 17,33  3  ):   
   ,        ,
    ,          58
 000- 75000  [Rotton J., Kelly 1. W., 1985].
 
       .  
  ,          
                   
    .     
                    
   . ,    
 
    ,             
     ,   ,   
      ,      
    .    ,        
                  ,
 ,  ,    .  , 
         
         ,
     ,     
            [Angus .  D.,  1973;
 Weiskott G.  N., 1974; De Vo- ge S. D., Mikawa J. K., 1977; Michelson
 L. et al., 1979; Tem- pler D. 1., Veleber D. M" 1980].
 
            
        , 
    [Weis- kott G.  N., 1974].   
         
   (^=10,25,  III  ,  <0,02).    
        786   4  
 1974   .      ,         
    (27,4%)       (28,4%),  
 -    (21,7%)    (22,4%).  ,
      ,    -
   (52,9%)   (47,0%),      
  .
 
           
   -1019      2   [De Voge S.  D.,
 Mikawa J.  .,  1977],     
       (29%),  -   
 :   (24%,),   (25%)     (22%)  .
          (^= 10,03;  IV
  ,  <0,05).       ,   
         -   
 -          
      .      
  (^=15,11;  <0,01)      (35%) 
   (31%),          
 (22%,)       (12%).        
       -
 
      (29,%)           (23-24%).  
         (^=6,90,  <0,05,    =  =   889).
   [Frey J.  et 1.,  1979],    
             
         (35%)     
  (24,8%).
 
        ,        ,   
        (36268 
   1969-1976 .,   ,  ),      
                    
 - (==0,01; =0,34)   (=0,02; =0,21) 
    (==0,01; =0,34),   
   [Michelson L.  et 1.,  1979].   , 
               
 (,  ,  )         
   ,          
               (,      
 ,   ).    7-, 18-, -35 
 76 .  ,           
 ,           ,  
  ,       [Weiskott
 G. N., 1974],   .
 
 ,       ,    
  4      :      
 ,       ,     
       ,      -
 ,          
     [Frey J.  et 1.,  1979].   
                (1822
 )   .         
          
  D.  1.  Templer  D. . Veleber (1980).   
                
 ,             
  ( ,  , , 
    ,         
 .)   .      , 
   (,  )   
       [Stair ., 1978].
 
 4.2.4. 
 
         
  .       
 ,          .  
       ,          
          
          [  ,
 ., 1981, 1983,; Resnik . . L., 1968; Pohlmeier ., 1983; Mann J.
 J.,  Stanley ., 1986].    ,  
          -
    ,                
     ,         
 [ A. F., 1983, . 10  44].
 
         
                
 [ .  .,  1980],      ,
             ( ,
    ) [ .  ., 1981;  . .,
 1984;  Stephens G.  J.,  1976].       
       "  "      
            .
                  
 ,            
     ()           
        
        [Ravitz J.,
 1953,   1962].                 
       ,     
                   
   -           
      .
 
        ( !)
   ,       ,    
            ,
     ,  [Tholuk .,  1942;  Span W., 1955; Tromp S.
 W.,  Bouma J. J., 1973; Lynch R" 1975; Lester D., 1979; Mac Mahon K.,
 1983; Mann J. J., Stanley ., 1986].     (,
 
                
 )             
  [ A.  JL,  1928,  1976;   . ., 1984;
  .  .   ., 1986; Tchijevsky A. L., 1928; Pokorny A. D. et
 al.,  1966;  Snoyman Ph.,  Holdstock T.  L.,  1980],      
              [Snoyman Ph.,
 Holdstock  .  L.,  1980]            
 ""  .      
  [Mills .  ., 1968; Pokorny . D., 1964, 1968a; Lester
 D.  et al.,  1969; Taylor L. J., Diespecker D. D., 1972; Ossenkopp K.
 P.,  Ossenkopp M.  D., 1973; Danneel R., 1974; Malmstrom E. J., 1975;
 Jones P.  K.,  Jones S.  L., 1977; De Voge S. D., Mikawa J. K., 1977;
 Garth J.  M" Lester D" 1978; Campbell D. E., Beets J. L" 1978; Lieber
 A.  L.,  1978a,b; Frey J. et al., 1979; Snoyman Ph., Holdstock T. L.,
 1980;  Mac Mahon K.,  1983].      
           
    .
 
              
 ,           
  [ . ., 19836, . 44].     
             
 ,  ,  ,          
    ,      
  .            
 -  ,     
    .      
          ,         
  .
 
      .    
            ,      
     ,   
     ,       
   .       ,    
    [Pokorny .  D., 1964; Garth J. M.,
 Lester D,,  1978;  Campbell D.  E.,  Beets J.  L" 1978; Lieber A. L.,
 1978b; Lester D., 1979; Sharfman M" 1980; Kelly 1. W" Rotton J" 1983;
 Mac  Mahon  K.,  1986].             ,
              
     [Mills .  .,  1968;  Ossen-  kopp  .  P.,
 Ossenkopp M. D" 1973; Jones P. K., Jones S. L.,
 
 1977; Lieber  A.  L"  1978a,  b;  Snoyman P.,  Holdstock T.  L" 1980;
 Templer D.  1. et al" 1982] (. 28, 29).   
             [Jorgenson D.  0"
 1981].
 
               
         
 .  ,        ,
       [Lester D. et al" 1969];   
                (^==15,11,
 <0,01),         [De Voge,  Mi-
 kawa J.  .,  1977].      
         ,        [Taylor  L.  J.,
 Diespecker D.,  1972]  .  .       
             -   .   
      ,      
   [Mills . ., 1968; Ossenkopp . " Ossenkopp M.
 D" 1973; Frey J. et al.,
 
 1979],  - [Pokorny A.  D.,  1964; Lieber A. L., She- rin C.
 R., 1972].
 
     ,      
 ,         ,    
      - 185687     
   1972  1978  .  [  Mahon  .,  1983].    
   (  ),   (  -) 
   (    )  ,      
       5-    (
 !).            
          (.  30).   
    ,  ,    
  ,    .  ,  
 ,         
            ,
 ,     .   ,    ,    
           ,      
     ,           
    . ,  
   (,      )         
           
 [Mann J.  J.,  Stanley .,  1986].          
 "",   ,    ,    
             
 [Stone  .  .,  1976].     ,    
          ,    
    [Mills .  .,  1968].  .  A.  Mills
    5534      1900-1965
 .   ,              
                
 (<0,001).                
         (27,  28
 ).           
       (35%,  =0,05)       
   (24,8%) [Frey J. et al" 1979].
 
 4.2.5. 
 
             
 ,    
 
            ,        
 .      , 
             ,    
 ,        ,        
          ,      
 ,         .   
     ,                ,     
 -     ,      
    [Kelley D.,  1942;  Chapman L., 1961; Pokorny A.
 D., 1964].
 
      [Lie- ber .  L.,  1975,
 1978b].  ,      
       ,    , 
      .    
 
 
       
     [Lieber  A.  L.,  Sherin  .  R"  1972].      
            
        :         
     (1887    ,  ,  
 1956-1970 .;  <0,029-0,054),     
 (.  31).        (2008 ,   ,
 , 1958- 1970 .)  3  , 
     - 7-  14-      3-
     (.  32),        
   (=  0,07).    ,       
     (-  )  
 .
 
           
                
 [Pokorny A. D., Jachimczyk J., 1974]
 
          (2494     
 1957-1970 .,  , ).    
      ,    
  -       
   22-24 .
 
     [Tasso J., Miller .,
 1976]        (<0,01)    
   (,  ,      .,      ),
  ,  ,       
  [Lieber .,  1978].  ,    
     1956-1968 .    
             3    
  (==11613;  ^= 55,46,    29, = 0,002;
 .  33),                 
  (^=122; <0,001) [Tasso J., Miller ., 1976].
 
  ,              
 ,       .   ,
     .  ,        
         ,       
  ,     fTempler D.  1.,  et 1., 1982], 
      
 
           ,      
    .  ,    
   ,   , 
       .  .  [Kelly 1.  W.,  Rotton J.,  1983].
             ,  
                 
       [Forbes G.  .,
 Lebo G. R., 1977].     [Cole ., Burd F.,
 1978]      .
 
 G. . Forbes  G. R. Lebo (1977)     
   (  ,  ),   
 1967-1973  .      ( ,  ),    
 (58527 ,  78  ).          7251
 ,    , ,  ,
  .          
        ,   
               (   F=0,69;   >0,1,
   F=0,88,  >0,1),            
       (=,53,  >0,1).    
   [Cole .,  Burd F.,  1978]  ,  
   II            
  ,    -,   
               (^=12,37;
 <0,01),            (^^1,86;
 <0,05),       (^=3,12;  >0,30).    
    G. . Forbes (1978),  
               
   ,         ,
  "...       
  ,   " [Forbes G. ., Lebo G. R.,
 1977].
 
  ,         
         [Snoyman
 Ph., Holdstock . L., 1980].     
      ,  (2344 
  )    (     ,  =0,713,
 <0,05),         (==0,732,  <0,01).    ,
       
 
                  
               
  .
 
 4.2.6. 
 
         
   ,     ,  ,  
 ,   ,     .  
     ,    
  ,       
 .           ,
             (
 ,               .).
               
         ,    
       ,      
 ,        [ . ., 1980; Ur-
 ban P., 1978; Schornbock D., 1978].
 
         ,
              
       [Hinze  J.,  Roxo  J.,  1984].  
   ,     
                     
   .    :  
  7  1978 .  (148    1431  ) 
     1980-1981  .        
 (174469  ).    ,
      ,      -
       (13,2; Z=2,006)  
    (9,7),      (6,2) 
     (9,7).          
   ,   2  5     , .
 .            
    ["Hinze J 1981].
 
                    
    ,     24-    
     1981 .,       
   (249,5  )   
 
 110
 
   ( 254,889   266,556  ).
   ,       : 5
  8       -  
   .        
            
 .   ,              
 ,  ,      ,    
   [Kelly  1.  W.,  Rotton  J.,  1983]    ,
         [Bonk  J.  P.,  1979].  
 ,    J.  .  Bonk         ,
   ,   ,    
                    5-  
   ,      
 (^=48,139,   >0,05).      ,   
           
     ,    ,     
   [Templer D. 1. et 1., 1982].
 
 4.2.7.  
 
      ,       
   .           ,
                  
   [ . ., 1984; Hellpach W., 1939; Heckert
 .,  1961;  Stechmesser G.,  1976; Ebertin R., 1979; Hejl Z., 1980, 
 .].    ,            
     .
 
  -  .        
          
            
       [ .  ., 1984]. 
  19950         
         52 700    
 1964-1975 .          148    .
        
            .
 .  .   ,      
       100%,      
      
 
      -  111,3  109,5%.   
      107,9%,         
    3-5-         99%  ( 
   21,3%).
 
        
       ,      
     -       
 101,6%.          
             -   .
   ,          
 ,          (  
      ),   ,  
             ,             
 -      (    )    
 .  ,      ,      
              [Stechmesser G.,
 1976].      , 
          
 27,322  ,  -,        
  [ ., 1982].
 
        - 
     [Sitar 1., 1988]. 1. Sitar  
  9-  (   1437: 627 
  810 ) ,      
 1-2-     ,   -  2-3   
  .       3
    ,    -    .   
            
 (<0,01).
 
  .         ,    
  [Hejl Z.,  1980],       
   5811  20     2053
   (    552  )       1965-1977   .   
  40984  :  29301- 
   11  683      .     
 ,  10      
 ,        ,    
 10  
 
 ^1^ .^   'D^?^'rr^ ^^^ ^^
  \.^ r^vn
 
  .           
        
            
 [Ebertin   R.,  1979,  .  53]            
   
 
    .      1500        
       ,  
         .
 
                 
    ,      ,        
        
 [  .  .   .,  1988].      
                 
            89000      ,
          1960-1985  .,
     ,        
         2    ,    
  .
 
 .       
 
       -  
     [And- rews . J" 1960, 1966; Rhyne W.
 P.,  1966; Ebertin R" 1979].     
          (68
 )                 (82%
 ),   -  [Andrews . J., 1960,
 1966].         
  (66 ,  . 34).    
  1000     ,    90%,
     ,      22    20
       [Rhyne W.  " 1966].   
         [
 . ., 1987].
 
  .          ,
   4       [Thakur .  P. et 1.,
 1980].      49 ,    
  45  ,     1415   
 796 . ,       
 ,      
 (0,001 <>0,005).
 
  .   ,    ,  
          (3-   )   
  ,       [Shapiro J. L.
 et 1.,  1970].      ,    
         
   2-3           
    (,   ,     )
                
 [ .  .   .,  1981].     
    .
 
 .  ,         
         .    ,  
     ,          
        .  ,  
  ,            
    ,        -  
    [ . " 1984].     
     --  (  "")  
   8    [ . ., 1989].
 
 . ,            (   
 )                  ,   
   "  "         
 ,         
        [ . .  .,
 1986].           
             (=0,98),  
            
     (= 0,0001).  ,   
      (21 ,  287 ) 
    27,322    ,    
       [ .,  1982].  
              
 (,       27,32 ,
      ).
 
 ,              
         
 .         
     .         
                 
    ,      
            ,
    .
 
 4.3.     
 
 4.3.1.     
 
            
          
 .            
   -     .  
   ""     ,  
            ,      
      
 
 ,         .
           
 ,       ,   
      .
 
        
  ,   -    
 .              ,  
       
       ,    
  [ .  .,  1987;  Heckert .,  1961; Lieber A. L., 1978a;
 Rot- ton J.,  Kelly 1.  W.,  1985; Dubrov A. P., 1989]..  
                
  :  ,    , 
 ,           
    .
 
  .          
   ,  ,     ,
             ,   
     ,       
 .               
   ,        
               
  [ .  " 1980,  1987;  Dubrov A.  P.,  1978,  1989]. 
   ,       (  
 )            ,
         /    ,   
               
   .         
  ,        
      ,          
 .
 
               
            
        -
       (,      
 ).         
   ,         
      ,
 
                 
 .
 
          ,     ,
       ( 100000  5,9-10 )
    ,        
         1-2%.  [Menaker W.,
 Menaker A.,  1959;  Mena- ker W., 1967; Criss ., Marcum J. P., 1968;
 Guillon P.  et al" 1986],    , 
              .
           
              
     ,        
 ,                
    .           
                
 ,            
 ,-  ,     .
 
            -    
   ,     . 
  ,          
         
   ,           
   [Ebertin R" 1979;  Eysenck ., Nias D. . B" 1982],
 "   ",   .    .            
 ""           [ .  .,
 1974,  1986;   .  .  ., 1975, 1985;  . . 
 .,  1978;  . " 1984;  . ., 1987].   
               
       ,    
            
 .            
 ,           
     -      
 [ . .,  . ., 1981].
 
  ,             
     ,       .  ""
    ,    
        .  
   
 
      .        
          
    ,         
     ,     
  "" ,        
       (    ),     .
  ,              
         .  
  .,          
     .          
      .
 
    ,           
         ,        
 ,      ,    
   ,         .
 ,  ,     ,
         ,   -      
   ,       
 ,    .,      
   ,              
 .        
          
 ,    ,      
        .
 
  .           
  ,       [Jung
 " 1969;  Gauquelin ., 1978, 1983, 1985; Fisher J. D. et al., 1984].
        3  :  
  ;  ,        ;
  .         
           
     ,   
       
      .
 
      ,            ,
 ,   -,  
           .    
  , 
 
        ,       
 ,             
 [ .  .,  1984;   . .  ., 1985;  .
 .,  . ., 1986; Tromp S. W" 1963; Konig . L. et al" 1981].
 
                
 ,    .    
 ,        [Nelson J.  "
 1978],            
   [  .  .,  1982],      
        .      
            ,
              
      ,     
    [ . " 1969; Fyfe ., 1967, 1973,
 1974;  Kolisko .,  Koli- sko L.,  1978;  Graf U., Keller . R" 1979;
 Thun M" 1979;  Manni- la ., 1980].    
             ,    
  [Eysenck " Nias D.  . ., 1982; Prinke R. ., Weres L.,
 1982; Gauquelin ., 1983, 1985].
 
              
      .    ,  
             ,
     ,  .  .          
          [  .  .,  1972].
          
      4  299;  323; 347  371 ,  
    646  670 .  .  .  , 
         
       .         
                    
   ,        [  .  .,  1969],  
 ,               
       ,  
 "...          
    .     8; 9; 17; 18,
  II  19 " [ . ., 1982, . 44].
 
 ,         
 ,           :
 -7,1 
 
 9,1 , -13,6; 13,7; 13,8  14,8 , -
 27,4; 27,5;  27,6  31,8 ,  -121,8   .  
    ,    18,05 , 
         ,    
   [ .  .,  1970],     
       ,   ,          
     ,  ,  .
 
     ,           
     ,      
 .           
      .    
           ,  
               ,  
   ,   ,   
        ,    
               
  (,  ,  ,      .).    
  ,     
   (,  ),   
   ,        ,  
     .
 
          .  
          ,        
      ,   
   ( ,    
   "",  "") [ .  X.  ., 1979;
  . ., 1981, 1983,].
 
     ,     
     ,        ,   
 .  ,         
       
  .
 
 4.3.2.   - 
 
                 
     .    
     (    )       
  [Jorgenson D. ., 1981]
 
        ,
       ,  ,      
             .
           
         ,    
   ,    
             
          [Hoseman .,
 1950a,b;  Heckert .,  1961;  Ornstein R.,  1978;  Abell G. 0., 1979;
 Rotton J.,  Kelly 1.  W" 1985]. . Hosemann (1950a,b),   
  ,      ,  
   [Arrenius S" 1898,  Guthmann H" Oswald, 1936;
 Gunn D.  L.. 1938; Buhler W., 1940; Jenny E., 1944],    
  ,    100000 , 
  ,             ,
      ,  
            
      .      35
      [Rotton J.,  Kelly  1.  W.,  1985],
     - 
       (  ,      
    ,   ,      
 ,    .).    37  ,
           ,  
   ,            :
          -       ,
         ,      
  ,   ,  ,
    .                
     (^    F,  Z)      
   ,      
    , ,     
     ,  <0,001.   
     ,   ,    
  II       0,05      
   75000 ,      
  2-3  .
 
  ,            
   , ,     
 
 ,          :
 
 1)    ;
 
 2)     ;  3)  
          
 ;  4)    [ . ., 1982,
 .  157]. . .       
  ,           
 :  "   ,         
 ,       
        ,   
        ,   
     " (. 158).
 
  ,       
           
 ,          ,
           .
  ,       
        ,     
     :    ,  
 -             
 ,         ,         ,
       ,  
  .
 
 ,        
           ,  
 "...             
      ..." [ .  .,  1983].  ,
     ,    
                 
    .
 
     ,         
 ,          
   ,    ,      
               
  ,         ,
 "...     " [ .  ., 1960,
 .  100].  -,        
       
 
      ,              
 ,    [ . ., 1981].
 
 4.3.3.   
 
             
      ,  
     .        
           [
 ., 1967;  . " 1975; Piccardi G., 1962; Dubrov A. P., 1978].
      ,      
     -,        
 ,     . 
  ,        
 ,           
             ,   
     .
 
               
     .   [  .,
 1967].           
             
         
                   
 - .      
   [  .  .,  1969,  1975;  Dubrov  A.  P.,  1978]  
  ,     [ . .  .,
 1975].          
        
 ,      .    ,
         , 
   -    
     [Dubrov    A.    P.,    1978].        
 -          
      ,  , 
      [ .  .  ., 1982;
    .   ,,    .  P.,  1984].    
            
      -      
    .
 
              
       ,      
       ,    
    .     ,   
              
        --  ,
   ,     .    ,
       -  ,
      ,    
 ()               
 ,                      
 -   in vivo  in vitro [ .  .,  1972].
                
         ,    ,  
 --     
     ,     .
 
                  
                     
  .      
 ,                 
   ,    
          ,    
              
    .
 
 ,        ,    
     .  ,    
   : ",    
            ,  
 ,  -,       (
    )       ;  -,
     ,                
             ;   -,
       "  [
 .   .,   1982,   .   159].            
   ,           
      .  ,
         
          -
     (, , 
 
 ),            ,
     ,     
         
 .
 
            
   ,        
       ,          
         
  ,      
    (.  ).        
           
 ,           
  .
 
              
 .     ,    
              .
         .  .    
          
    [ .  .   ., 1989; 
 .   .,   1989].                
                
      [ .  .   ., 1989;
  .  .   .,  1989;  Thakur G.  P. et al" 1987; Si- tar J.,
 1988,  1989],   [ . .  ., 1989; Ducher Y.,
 1980;  Backe .  et al" 1988; Guillon P. et al., 1988],  
   [Little G.  L.  et al.,  1987;  Frank M. L. et
 al.,  1988;  Anderson  A.   C.,   1982],      ,
    ,     [  .  M.,  1989],
   [ .  .,  1989]  .  .    
 ,      ,      
              ,
   [-,  1987;  Little G.  L. et al., 1987],
     [Gerlock  A.,  Solomons  H.  C"  1983],
     [Coates W.  et al.,  1989],   
 [Rus- sel M. B" Bernal M. ., 1977].
 
 
 
 ,            
          .       ,    
         
     ,          
 .     ,    ,  
    ,          
 .             
   ,  ,   ,  
         
 ,           
         .
 
         
    ,      
             .
         ,    
             
          ,
 .  .                
  .
 
                      
 ,       
              
   .
 
        ,           
         
                 
          ,
                  
 .               
        ,
 
        ,   
   .
 
          
                      
   ,       
 .  ,    .      
   ,    ,   
      .  ,
          ,   
       .  
 ,           
            
     .      
    ,    
 .    ,      
   .
 
  
 
  .  .,  . .,  . .,  . . 
  .-.: . , 1978.
 
  .   .,      .   .        
     (-        )//     
 .-., 1981-. 16-16.
 
  .     .,         .    .            
 //      .-.  2.   
   .-.,  1984.-. 165-170.  . ..
   .-.:   , 1977.
 
  . .,  X.     
               
    //    .-  ,
 1988-. 92-92.
 
  .  .       
        :  .  ...
 . . .-., 1982.
 
  .,  .  .-.: , 1971.
 
  . .,  . .   .-.: , 1985.
 
  .  .       // 
 -., 1981.-. 35-48.
 
  .  .        
     //     -.,
 1983-. 7-20.
 
  .   .                
    //        
 -., 1983-. 40-51.
 
  .  .     .- .:  - ,
 , 1969.
 
  .  .,   .  P.,   .  . 
     .-.: , 1982.
 
  .                
 : .  .-. 1900.
 
  .    .            
  .-.: , 1982.
 
  .  .,    .  .,      .   ..      .
          .    ,
  ,  "  ".  ,  .-.:
 , 1988.
 
 . .   .--: , . -
 1984.
 
  .  .    .-.-.:  -   .   -
  , 1935.
 
  .  .      .-.:  ,
 1982.
 
  . .      
 
   //.  .-1987.- 12.-.  959-959.  .
 .      .-  .:  ,  1985.   .  .
   .-.:  ,  1971.   .  .
     .-.: , 1981.  .  
   ?  .   .-.:  ,  1967.   .  . 
               
          //0   
    .-,   1974.-.  164-178.    .  .
     //  
   .    ,  6-:   .-,
 1981.
 
  .  .            
 .     :  . . ....
 . -, 1986.
 
  . .,  . .      
                         
 //  ,  .    ,   6-:   
 .- ,  1981.-. 132-133.  .  
   
 
  .-.,   1964-.   103-126.      .   
 //  .-
 
 ., 1977-. 2.-. 210-266.
 
  . .,  . .      
   //  .-  ,  1977.-   .
 53.-. 29-32.
 
  .  .,    .  .            
     //   .-   ,
 1979.- . 55-. 8-12.
 
  .  .        
   //      .-  ,
 1979-. 45-. 12-21.
 
  .  .,   .  .,   . .  .   
              //.
 -1979.-. 3-7.
 
  .  .,    .  .      
        //
   .-, 1980.-. 48.-. 14-22.
 
  .  .,  . .      
     //   
 -, 1981-. 52.-. 102-105.
 
  . .         
  //     .-  ,  1983.-
 . 59-. II-16.
 
  .  .       - 
  //     .-  ,
 1984.-. 63.-. 14-21.
 
  . .,  . -      
     //      
 .-, 1985.-. 66-. 14-20.
 
  .  .          
   //      .-
 , 1986.-. 70.-. 76-80.
 
  .  .,    .  .-,    .  .,    .  .
             
         //    
 .- , 1986-. 70-. 14-21.
 
  .  .,   .  .,   .  .    
           
  .      //    
 .- , 1988.-. 78.-. 5-15.
 
  .   .,    .  .,    .  .  
                 
    //      .-
 , 1988.- . 78.- . 82-89.
 
  .  .   .-.: , 1975. 
 -  .,    .  -,    .  -  .   
 .-.   12.      .      ,
          .-.:  ,  1971.
   .  .  -          
 ""  //       .- .,
 1982.- . 166-174.
 
  .  .,   .  .,   .  .   
     .   // 
     :          ,
  ,  ,  .-, 1986.-. 16-17.
    .   .               
             
 //  .-.,  1981.-. 67-67.  .
 .      //..
 
 .  - 1976.-  12,-.  1875-1879.  . P., 
 . .     //
 
        .-,  1976.-.   26-26.
  . .    .- .: - .
 
 -, 1984.  . X.,  . .,  . . 
  
 
  .--/.:  - ,  -,  1979.
   .  .  -          
  //-   
       :  .  .-  "  1974.- .
 327-332.   .  .     //,    
 .-.,
 
 1976-. 122-143.      .  .,    .  .    
 //0  
 
 .- , 1976.- . 9-10.
 
  . .   .-.: . , 1944. 
 .   P.,      .   .,    .  .    
            -80//
 - .-,  1982.-.  40-49.  .
 .      .-.:  ,  1981.    -  .
                   
 //  .    ,  6-:  
 .-, 1981.-. 133-133.
 
  .   .           
 - //,  , .- ., 1972 -
 . 48-48.
 
  .  .       
   //  .  .    XV-XIX.-
 ., 1973-. 233-233.
 
  .   .            
    //   
           .-" 19736.-.  67-95.
  .  .     .-.:  , 1974.
   .  .        
                       
 //              
  , 3-: .-, 1975.-. 3-7.
 
  .  .    .-.:  , 1980.
    .   .             (
  ,  ).-.: ,
 1987.       .   .,      .   .      
 // , , 
  :  .-, 1985-. 1.-. 168-169.
 
 -.     ,          
  //     ().-1987.-  
 -. 11192.
 
  .  .    .-.:  ,  1984.-.  15-15.
  X.  .          //.
 .   .-1975.- 3.-. 401-404.  X. . 
      
 
 //. .      .-1979.-9.-.   1383.
     .    .        ""            
 //           
 : . .- , 1977.-. 908-910.
 
  .  .,    .  .     
 " -  - "//   .  . 2.
    .-.,  1984.-. 303-311.
         .    /
 .
 
 . .  ,  .  .  .-.:  , 1985.  .
   :  .    .-.:   ,   1977.
  . .      
     //      
    .-.,  1971.-.  147-164.   . .
         
   //     .-"
 1982.-. 148-165.
 
  .   .            
        //
   .-., 1974.-. 133-149.
 
  . .,  . .   
            
   //      
    .- ., 1976.- . 112-124.
 
  .  .,   .  .    ,
   .  //
  .-.,  1981.-.  132-132.   .  .  
      //,
 
 , .-., 1972.-. 37-39.
 
  3.      :  .    .-.:  ,  1973.
  . .      ( 
 )//        -"
 1980.-. 62-69.
 
  .  .  ,  ,  .-.: , 1971.
  . .    - 
 
 //.-. - 1967.-  9.- . 57-60.  . . 
  ?//  .-1987.- 10.--
 
 . 35-38.
 
  . .,  . .,  . .   
        
 //     :  .  .-  "
 1981-. 142-142.
 
  .  .      .-.:  ,
 1964.  .     
 
 .-.: , 1986.
 
 /1 .  .  .-.:  , 1976.-. 20-20.
  . //- 1977.-  10.-. 40-41.  . .,
  . .,  . .   .- .:
 
 , 1970.
 
  .   .,     .  .      .-  .:
 , 1983.
 
  .   : .  .-.: , 1968.  . .
   .-: , 1973.  . .,
  .  .          
 //        .- ,  1980-.
 70-70.
 
  .  .     .-.:  ,  1981.
    .  .,    .  .    
 
 
   .-.: , 1986.
 
  .  .      
   D-    -//    
     .-,  1973.-.  26-28.
   .  .,    .  .        
        //-   
          
 .- , 1975-. 114-118.
 
  .  .,  . .     
        //  .-1978.-
 5-. 1086-1088.
 
 , ,  /  .  .   .   .-.:
 ,  1960.-. 84-84.  . .  ( ,  
  
 
 , 1969.
 
  .       //  :  .  
 .- " 1984.-. 2.-. 5-43.
 
  .  .,   .  .       
    .    //
 .-1975.-. 208.-. 183-188.
 
  .  .        
      //  :  .
 . .-, 1984.-. 160-161.
 
  .  .,   .  .,   .  .,   .  .
             
            //   
   .-" 1982.-. 51-59.
 
  .  .,   .  .      
   -     
 
    //      .- .,
 1981.-. 192-192.
 
  .   .-.: , 1984.-. 110-128.  . .
               .      ^-
 //          
  .-1901.-.  1.-. 1-126.  .  
  : .  .-
 
 .: ,  1967.              
  / .
 
 . . .-.: , 1984.
 
  .   .               
  //  .-.,  1974.-.  179-198.
  .  .,  .. .   .- : , 1987.
   .  .           
 .- : , 1987.
 
  .   .           
 // ,  ,   
       .-.,  1980.-.  157-163;
 326-340.
 
  .  .          
       (,      ,      
 ).-: , 1982.
 
    /  .  .  .  .-  .:
 , 1974.
 
  .   .,     .  .,    .  .,    .  .
         
   //.   .-1975.-.  221,   I-.  84-86.
   .   .            
 
 
  //.  .-1978.- .  243.-.  127-131.  .
 .,   .  .,    .  .    .    
                    
     //     
 .-., 1984.-. 1.-. 150-157.
 
  .    .                   
 //-         
 :  .  .- .,  1974.- .  70-79.  . .,
  . .,  . .  .  .-
 
 :  , 1985.
 
  .  .  .-.: -  , 1960.  . .
       /        
 .-" 1975.-. 2.-. 1.-. 141-141.  . .,  -
 .   
 
  .-.:  ,  1975.    .  .      
  //,
 
 , .-., 1989.-. 91-91.
 
  .    1000                 
 //{     vvzkumu  psychotroniky:  Sbornik  referatu.-
 Praha, 1973.- Vol. 2.- P.' 230-234.
 
  . .    .-.: , 1956.  . .,
  .  .,   .  .  .   
  ()  //  
      .-,     1988.-.    70-71.        -
 - .-:   ,
 
 1972.  . ,   : .  .-" 1967.
 
  .          //
 -.,  1964-.  667-681.  .  //
 .--., 1964.-. 667-
 
 681.
 
  .  .      . .   
    .-.:  -  
    , 1985.
 
  .  .      
    "   -      -   "//   ,
 ,              
 .-" 1980-. 112-127.
 
  .  .         
 //. -  .-1913.- 1.-. 100-
 
 121.
 
  .,      .      .       
 : .  .-.: , 1972.
 
  .  .         
 // .-., 1980.-. 51-137.
 
  .  .     /^
 -., 1980-. 229-237.
 
  .    .    ,            
  //.-.  ,  .-1928.-.  4,  8.-.
 431-452;  9-. 479-518.
 
  . .    .-.: , 1976.
 
  .  .,    .  .    "  " 
            //    ,
 ,    .-, 1985.-. 2.-
 . 128-129.
 
  .  .,   .  .,   . .   
  //  / . 3. . .-., 1975.-

 . 188-193.
 
  .  .            ,
                 .-  .:
  , 1901.
 
  .           
         -        
 //  .- , 1982.- . 26-27.
 
  . .,  . .    .- :
 , 1986.
 
     / .  .  .  -.:
 , 1984.-. 1-2.
 
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